DENV-induced ER rearrangement and expansion is independent of the XBP-1 pathway.

<p>XBP1^+/+ (A–D) and XBP1^−/− (E–H) MEF cells were infected with DENV-2 for 12 h and stained intracellularly for cellular proteins using antibodies against (A and E) GRP78, (B and F) GRP94, (C) XBP1, and (G) ATF6 (magenta), followed by secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 647. DENV proteins were detected with mouse MAbs against DENV E (green) and NS3 (red) directly conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 488 and Alexa Fluor® 594, respectively. Nuclear staining (blue) was performed using DAPI stain. Images were acquired and processed as described in Fig. 1. Total magnification 630×.