DENV-induced ER rearrangement and expansion is independent of the ATF6 pathway.

<p>ATF6^+/+ (A–C) and ATF6^−/− (D–F) MEF cells were infected with DENV-2 for 12 h and intracellularly stained for cellular proteins (A and D) GRP78, (B and E) GRP94, and (C and F) XBP1 (magenta), followed by secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 647. DENV proteins were detected with mouse MAbs against DENV E (green) and NS3 (red) directly conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 488 and Alexa Fluor® 594, respectively. Nuclear staining (blue) was performed using DAPI stain. Images were acquired and processed as described in Fig. 1. Total Magnification 630×.