Phase-locked-loop frequency synthesizer

Includes bibliographical references (page 65)This paper is about the nature of the phase-locked\ud loop circuit and its applications. The emphasis is on\ud describing the operation of the phase-locked loop as a\ud frequency synthesizer.\ud The principle of the phase-locked loop has been known\ud since the early 1930's and was first used in the 1940's\ud for the synchronization of the horizontal and vertical\ud sweep oscillators in television receivers. Because of the\ud prohibitive cost, however, widespread use of the principle\ud did not begin until the development of the monolithic\ud integrated circuit and the incorporation of complete phaselocked\ud loop circuits in low-cost IC packages.\ud This paper is an introduction to the theory, design,\ud and implementation of the phase-locked loop frequency \ud synthesizer, using both CMOS and ECL devices.\ud The paper begins with an introduction to the phaselocked\ud loop principle, followed by a description of the\ud loop elements, with particular emphasis on low pass\ud filters, which often control the loop performance.\ud Succeeding sections then discuss different applications\ud of the phase-locked loop circuit and its common\ud terminology.\ud The final sections cover the design of the PLL frequency\ud synthesizers and certain important experimental\ud results