Jury : M. Jean BERTOIN (Directeur de thèse) M. Quansheng LIU (Rapporteur) Mme. Sylvie MELEARD M. Alain ROUAULT M. Marc YOR Rapporteurs : M. Quansheng LIU M. Jason SCHWEINSBERGThe main subject of this work is the study of so-called homogeneous fragmentation and coalescence processes. The first chapter focuses on the property of mass fragmentations, in particular a useful correspondence is established between partition-valued fragmentations and mass fragmentations. The second part concentrates on interval fragmentations. In particular we are interested in the set of points with an abnormal fragmentation speed and more precisely in the Hausdorff dimension of such sets. In the last part, we define and study a class of processes that we call Exc...