Tese de mestrado, Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2017Clostridium difficile affects patients in hospitals and communities worldwide, is responsible for significant annual mortalities and represents a considerable economic burden on healthcare systems. This bacterium might also be carried asymptomatically in the gut, potentially leading to ‘silent’ onward transmission. Treatment has always been difficult, because the disease is both caused and resolved by antibiotic intake. The two main C. difficile virulence factors are toxins A and B, both of which are pro-inflammatory and enterotoxic in human intestine. Clinically relevant toxin A-negative/toxin B-positive strains that cause diarrhoea and colitis in ...