Wounding and IAV infection causes systemic inflammation.

Mice were wounded by PVA sponge implantation and uninfected or infected with IAV 24 hours later. Control mice were unwounded and uninfected (wounding day 0). Cell numbers were counted in the blood at days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 after wounding with all 3 experimental groups (A). Flow cytometry analysis determined populations of innate immune cell subsets in the blood at day 7 after wounding (B). Flow cytometry analysis revealed changes in neutrophil and monocyte numbers on day 7 after wounding (C). Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured in the plasma on wound days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 from control mice or mice that were infected with IAV, wounded, or IAV infected and wounded (D+E). *p ≤ 0.05, wound+IAV vs. control; #p ≤ 0.05, wound+IAV vs. wound (E). The data shown are cumulative from at least 3 independent experiments (A: d0 n = 25 for all groups, d1 n = 9 for all groups, d2 n = 12 for all groups, d4 n = 16 for all groups, d7 n = 22 for all groups; B,C: n = 13 for control and n = 15 for remaining groups; D, E: n = 12 for all groups and 22 for day 7). The mean values are displayed with SEM. To compare 3 or more groups the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance was used. Results are considered statistically significant when the P value ≤ 0.05. Statistically significant changes between control (wounding day 0) and wound + IAV are denoted by %, between IAV and wound +IAV are denoted by #, wound and wound +IAV are denoted by *.