Accumulation of liver macrophages in acute colitis models.

<p>(<b>A</b>) H&E specimens of the colon taken from mice treated with water (left) or 2% DSS (right). Magnification, ×40 (<b>B</b>) H&E specimens of livers from mice treated with water (left) and DSS (right). Magnification, ×100 (<b>C</b>) The number of liver mononuclear cells from water- and DSS-treated mice. (<b>D</b>) The absolute number of PDCA-1⁺CD11b⁻CD11c^int pDCs and CD11b⁺CD11c⁻ Mφs among whole mononuclear cells. Data are representative of three independent experiments. (<b>E</b>) Levels of mRNA transcripts for IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-6 in the liver. Values are presented as the mean ± SEM for each group (<i>n</i> = 4, water-treated group; <i>n</i> = 5, DSS-treated group). *<i>P</i><0.05. N.S., no significant difference. (<b>F–H</b>) Hepatic DSS Mφs induce a Th1 inflammatory response. (<b>F</b>) Proliferation of naïve CFSE-labeled splenic CD4⁺ T cells. (<b>G</b>) Intracellular IFN-γ and IL-17A expression in naïve CFSE-unlabeled splenic CD4⁺ T cells from OT-II mice that were co-cultured with or without hepatic Mφs from DSS-treated WT mice in the presence of OVA. Dead cells were excluded with 7AAD staining, and CD4⁺ T cells gated on CD3⁺ CD4⁺ cells are shown. Data are representative of two independent experiments. (<b>H</b>) Representative cytokine concentrations in culture supernatants from two independent experiments. Each experiment was performed using duplicate samples.