Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Química e Biológica.The production of bioethanol operating at high substrate loading improves the overall process productivity and reduces initial capital investment and water consumption comparing to processing at normal gravity. However, there are some inhibition issues that become more severe under these operation conditions. This thesis focused on the development of efficient 1st and 2nd generation bioethanol production processes running at high substrate concentration. Driven by the promising results obtained in 1st generation Very High Gravity (VHG) processes, an approach to the 2nd generation processes was then implemented aiming a better understanding of the physiological responses of yeast ...