Alignment consists of establishing a mapping between units in a bitext, combining a text in a source language and its translation in a target language. Alignments can be computed at several levels: between documents, between sentences, between phrases, between words, or even between smaller units end when one of the languages is morphologically complex, which implies to align fragments of words (morphemes). Alignments can also be considered between more complex linguistic structures such as trees or graphs. This is a complex, under-specified task that humans accomplish with difficulty. Its automation is a notoriously difficult problem in natural language processing, historically associated with the first probabilistic word-based translation...