[ ] from snow had not been perfect. In a word, exactly like the whitish ice at the head of [a] glacier. In sections along the face there is much dirty ice frozen upon the clean ice in all kinds of shapes, and with every kind of dirt, grass, birch, and alder leaves, moss, lichens, fresh or decayed, bits of peat, or gray and blue mud. This evidently is recent and formed by the sheets and oozing trickling streams of water flowing over the clean ice in the beginning of winter ere the surface of the tundra is frozen to check the flow. The soil and peat ofhttps://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/jmj-all/3195/thumbnail.jp