A Tentative of the History of Shrines in the Early Modern Period

application/pdf本稿は、近世における神社の歴史的展開に関する通史的叙述の試みである。それは、兵農分離・検地・村切り・農業生産力の向上と商品経済の進展など中世的在り方の断絶面、領主による「神事」遂行の責務認識・神仏習合など中世からの継承面の総和として展開する。 一七世紀前半期には、近世統一権力による社領の没収と再付与、東照宮の創設による新たな宗教秩序の構築などが進められ、神社・神職の統制機構が設置され始めた。兵農分離による在地領主の離脱は、在地の氏子・宗教者による神社運営を余儀なくさせ、山伏など巡国の宗教者の定着傾向は神職の職分を明確化し、神職としての自意識を涵養する起点となった。 一七世紀後半期には、旧社復興・「淫祠」破却を伴う神社および神職の整理・序列化が進行し、神祇管領長上を名乗る公家吉田家が本所として江戸幕府から公認された。また、平和で安定した時代の自己正当化を図る江戸幕府は、国家祭祀対象社や源氏祖先神の崇敬を誇示した。 一八世紀前半期には、商品経済が全国を巻き込んで展開し、神社境内や附属の山林の価値が上昇、神社支配権の争奪が激化し始める。村切りによって、荘郷を解体して析出された村ではそれぞれ氏神社が成長した。また、財政難を顕在化させた江戸幕府は、御免勧化によって「神事」遂行の責務を形骸化させた。 一八世紀後半期には、百姓身分でありながら神社の管理に当たる百姓神主が顕在化した。彼らを配下に取り込むことで神職本所として勢力を伸ばした神祇官長官白川家が、吉田家と対抗しながら配下獲得競争を展開し、復古反正の動向が高まる中、各地の神社は朝廷権威と結節されていった。また、神社は様々な行動文化や在村文化の拠点となっていた。 明治維新に至るまでの一九世紀、これらの動向は質的・量的・空間的に深化・増大・拡大してゆく。近代国家は、近世までの神社の在り方を否定してゆくが、それは近世が準備した前提の上に展開したものであった。This paper presents a tentative of the historical development of shrines in the Early Modern period. Shrines developed against a backdrop of the separation of warriors and peasants (heino bunri), surveys of land (kenchi) resulting in the organization of land by village, increased agricultural productivity, and the development of a commodity economy, all developments that marked a break from medieval practices. At the same time, some practices continued, such as the responsibility of feudal lords to execute “kami affairs” and the syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism. In the first half of the 17th century, unified authority saw the confiscation and re-assignment of shrine land, the building of Toshogu Shrine created a new religious order, and an integrated mechanism was put in place for Shinto shrines and priests. The disengagement of local lords due to the separation of warriors and peasants meant that shrine parishioners and worshippers had to run their local shrines, and the settling down of pilgrims such as yamabushi (mountain ascetics) clarified the duties of Shinto priests and initiated the fostering of a self-consciousness as Shinto priests. In the second half of the 17th century, Shinto shrines and priests had become increasingly organized and ordered accompanying the restoration of former shrines and the destruction of “inshi” (unauthorized shrines), and on the Yoshida family, was called “supreme head of shrine and kami affairs” was given the highest authority by the Tokugawa government. The Tokugawa government, which sought to justify itself in peaceful and stable times, flaunted its reverence for shrines that took charge of state rituals and festivals and for the ancestral deities of the Minamoto clan. In the first half of the 18th century, the commodity economy had developed to the extent that it encompassed the entire country, the value of shrine precincts and attached forest land had risen, and struggles of the right to control shrines began to intensify. As a result of the organization of land by village, manors were disbanded and ujigami shrines developed in the separated villages. Also, the Tokugawa government, with its evident financial difficulties, permitted the soliciting of contributions for the building and repair of temples and shrines, thus reducing its responsibility to execute“ kami affairs” to a mere facade. In the second half of the 18th century, farmer priests emerged who ran shrines while maintaining their peasant status. The Shirakawa family, which as head of the Jingikan (Ministry of Shinto) extended their authority over Shinto priests by bringing these priests under their control, engaged in competition to acquire followers while opposing the Yoshida family, and shrines all over the country were constrained by imperial court authority amid a growing trend toward the restoration of past practices. At the same time, shrines became bases for a variety of cultural activities and local village culture. In the 19th century up until the Meiji Restoration, these trends continued to deepen, increase and expand qualitatively, quantitatively and spatially. The modern state denied shrines state prior to the Early Modern period, and this occurred within the context of the premise provided by the Early Modern period.departmental bulletin pape