-End stage heart failure: Historical aspects and treatments. Heart failure is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Its treatment consists of medication and surgery. In patients with end stage heart failure the treatment options are limited to cardiac transplantation or implantation of a mechanical circulatory support device. Cardiac transplantation is considered the gold standard treatment even though it is accompanied with serious complications. The management of these complications will benefit, however, only the cardiac graft recipients while the improvement of the techniques allows the inclusion of more patients in the transplantation program. Nonetheless, for most patients in the heart transplant wait list the cardiac gr...