Dynamic molecular processes in aqueous solutions are essential for biological life, and their fundamental timescale is determined by molecular friction. In this thesis, several basic dynamic phenomena relevant for aqueous biological systems are studied by a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and stochastic models. First, we show by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations that the polarization of continuum bands in infrared spectra of small protonated water clusters allows us to deduce their shape and orientation. The molecular origin of continuum bands of protonated water wires is elucidated. Based on these results and recently recorded, experimental polarization-resolved infrared spectra, we reveal the orientation of a protona...