Nationalisms in Contemporary Japan(<Featured Theme> Transformations in Consciousness in 1990s Japan)

天皇制を軸とする「国体」は戦前には国民的同一性を担保していたが, 敗戦はその統合力を奪い同一性の危機が現出した.一群の知識人は普遍的原理にたつ新国民精神の創造を追求したが, 少数派に止まった.50年代以後の日本は, 安全保障を日米安保にゆだねつつ経済成長を優先した.しかし冷戦の終結と湾岸戦争の勃発はその見直しを迫り, 55年体制の再編と「国際貢献」や改憲の必要が問われた.同時期, 経済のグローバル化を背景に中国の改革開放が本格化し, 韓国の民主化が進んだ.それは東アジア三国の交流の密接化と, 他面での排他的傾向の増大をもたらした.また国民の加害責任を問う論調の高まりは, 日本近代史の全面肯定をめざす新史観を生んだ.さらに戦後の都市化と大衆社会化, とくに80年代以後のバブル経済とその崩壊を背景として, 家族や企業は社会的紐帯としての力を失い, 個人の原子化と自己同一性の危機が広まった.本稿は現代日本の「ナショナリズム」を, 上記のような諸要因の交錯の中で捉えようとするものである.In prewar Japan national identity had been secured with ""national polity"" centered on the Emperor System, but its charm was lost in 1945. In post-war periods, efforts have been made to establish new national spirit based on universal principles exploiting intellectual heritage. Meanwhile Japan had pursued economic growth enjoying peace under the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty. But the end of the Cold War pressed Japan to search for new strategies including the revision of the present Constitution. Around the same time, China accelerated its opening up policy and in Korea democratization went on. Japan\u27s relations with these countries get closer, while exclusionist mentality accumulates momentum. A New Right appeals to society to teach children a glorious history. With bubble economy and its burst, egocentric behavior prevails, and family and firm do no longer work as social bond to tie society; atomization and identity crisis are under way. In this article, I argue nationalisms of contemporary Japan in relation to these various factors