GCE induces TNF-α production in macrophages.

<p>(a) TNF-α production in MH-S cells incubated with GCE, GCE+PMB, or GCE+aprotinin. (b) Relative MFI ratio in “a” panel. (c) TNF-α secretion in the culture supernatant of “a” panel. * indicates statistical significance between “Control” and “GCE” (n = 3, <i>p</i><0.05). ^# indicates statistical significance between “GCE” and “GCE+Aprotinin” (n = 3, <i>p</i><0.05). (d) Scheme for short-term GCE exposure model. Kinetics of intracellular (e) PAR-2 and (g) TNF-α expression from alveolar macrophages in the BAL fluid of the short-term GCE exposure model. (f) Relative MFI ratio in “e” panel. (h) Relative MFI ratio in “g” panel. * indicates statistical significance to “D0” (n = 5, <i>p</i><0.05). ^# indicates statistical significance between “D12” and “a-TNF” (n = 5, <i>p</i><0.05). All data are representative of three independent experiments.