Confirmation of chemokine induction by qPCR.

<p>qPCR was used to confirm the upregulation or induction of chemokine expression by IFNγ and/or TNFα. Due to large differences in the level of expression of the different chemokines, results are presented using a log₁₀ scale and show mean+/−SEM of 3 independent experiments in which all samples were run together and normalized against GAPDH. CXCL1 and CCL2 were detectable in the neurospheres under basal conditions, therefore their expression following incubation with IFNγ and TNFα was compared to the level of expression under basal conditions (which was set to 1). CXCL9 and CXCL13 were not expressed at detectable levels under basal conditions (C_T≥32). CXCL9 was detectable following addition of TNFα, which was used as the reference condition in this case (and set to 1; denoted by #) for comparison with expression induced by IFNγ and IFNγ+TNFα. CXCL13 was not detectable with TNFα treatment (denoted by 0) but was induced by IFNγ which was used as the reference condition (and set to 1; denoted by #) for comparison with levels of expression induced by TNFα plus IFNγ.