HMBPP activates phosphorylation of JNK, p38 and FOXO in <i>A. gambiae</i> 4a3B cells.

<p>(<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>) Mean fold changes ± SE relative to control stimulation and representative western blot images of target phosphoproteins. Membranes where stripped and reprobed for GAPDH to normalize relative band intensities. Asterisks represent significant differences (*<i>P</i> < 0.05, *** <i>P</i> < 0.001) from at least three independent experiments.