Higher cellular markers of T-cell activation in HIV infected and HIV uninfected smokers.

<p>Immune activation (CD38, HLA-DR) markers were evaluated by flow cytometry in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells of HIV⁺S (n = 25), HIV⁺NS (n = 25), HIV^negS (n = 15) and HIV^negNS (n = 15). (A–D) Box plots show the frequency of activated T-cells: (A) CD4+HLA-DR+, (B) CD4+CD38+HLA-DR+, (C) CD8+HLA-DR+ and (D) CD8+CD38+HLA-DR+. Box plots represent median with 25th and 75th percentile borders, error bars represent 10th and 90th percentile. The mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) for each group are given below the bar for that particular group.