Valsalva, 4 group.

<p>Time courses, separated by sex of heart rate and global BOLD signals over four Valsalva maneuvers (Val; gray rectangles). <b>A:</b> Global BOLD signals in females (6 OSA, 20 control) and males (31 OSA, 37 control) during the complete sequence. For females (<b>B</b>) and males (<b>C</b>), global BOLD signal averages over four challenges of change relative to baseline (group mean ± SE), with time-points of significant increase or decrease relative to baseline within-group, and time-points of between-group differences (RMANOVA, <i>p</i><0.05).