Valsalva maneuver heart rate responses.

<p>A: 37 OSA and 57 control subjects; B: 6 OSA and 20 control female subjects, and 31 OSA and 37 control male subjects. Ai, Bi, Raw heart rate and Aii load pressure during the complete sequence. Aiii,Bii, Biii: change in signals relative to baseline (group mean ± SE) averaged over 4 challenges, with time-points of significant increase or decrease relative to baseline within-group, and time-points of between-group differences (RMANOVA, <i>p</i><0.05). Shaded areas (Val) indicate challenge periods.