Increased expression of an α-glucoside transporter gene in haploids.

(a) Points and bars show mean and standard error of AGT1 expression in evolved haploids, plotted against the null expectation of expression based on copy number variation and induction in the WT strain. Expression in maltose is greater than the null expectations in the evolved haploids (p = 0.0005, one-sided Mann–Whitney U test). (b–d) Boxplots show LFC of gene expression in maltose in evolved haploids compared to the WT strain. Whiskers extend to 1.5× the interquartile range. Lines connect the y-axis coordinates of the same gene in each evolved isolate; axes are scaled such that an occasional outlier is truncated from the plot space for a single strain. AGT1 expression is plotted as red dots and lines, and black dashed lines indicate the null expectation for expression values. (b) Genes induced in maltose in the WT strain (n = 544). (c) Genes on aneuploid ChrXV (n = 370). (d) Subtelomeric genes (n = 200). For all classes, expression in either evolved haploid is not significantly greater than the null expectation (one-sided t tests, min. p = 0.42). The data underlying this figure can be found in S1 Data. LFC, log2-transformed fold change; WT, wild-type.