The Study of the Theory and Practice on Teaching-Learning Instruction in Social Studies -The Report in 1980-

本稿で述べられているのは,1.附属中・高社会科の共同研究(第6報),2.小学校社会科授業の共同研究(第4報),3.社会科教授における児童・生徒の学習活動の研究(第3報)のこの一年間の活動報告と研究成果である。とくに,附属中・高社会科の共同研究の歴史分野において,変革期とその教材化,歴史の授業と生徒の認識発達の問題について研究の進捗がみられ,それらの内容が主要に叙述されている。The following is a main part of the present article of our continuing studies which have been carried out by our collaborative research group. How to interpret the reform periods and its establishment are difficult problems much discussed in the study of our history, which is not as simple and clear-cut as the history of west European countries. But this seems to be a key point that should not be allowed to be left untouched when we teach the history of our country, because it is not only one of the most basic problems in the development of our society but essential in teaching of history which may make possible to see the characteristics of each era in history as logically and systematically clear as possible. Of the various problems which have been discussed and reported by our study group, the following two points are taken up in this short article: (1) Formation of social classes in old Japan, (2) The reform of Taika. These are quite important problems when we consider the transition from primitive society into the more organized state in the ancient period. Primitive communities which would have no social distinctions were gradually replaced by a new form of society according to the progress of rice cultivation which would produce agricultural surplus, division of labor, and even the "leaders" to rule over the communities. From this point of view, we discuss the formation of social classes, criticizing the aspects given in the current text-books for high school. The reform of Taika has hitherto been regarded and taught as the spring-board into the so-called "ritsuryo" (a code of laws and regulations) system. But there are some scholars who keep an objection to this interpretation. We would like to suggest that the "ritsuryo" system might be begun in the period of Emperors Temmu and Jito. Some of the essays on this problem that were written by high school students are also given here