Cholesterol content of high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) has been a well established cardiac risk marker for coronary artery disease (CAD), a major cause of mortality worldwide. Various epidemiological and experimental animal studies have shown the inverse correlation between concentration of HDL-C and CAD. However, recent pharmacological studies and genetic studies have demonstrated lack of protection from CAD despite of elevated HDL-C. HDLs are a heterogenous group of particles with varying protein/lipid composition and anti-atherogenic (atheroprotective) function. Atheroprotective HDL particles could turn dysfunctional and thereby attenuate their atheroprotective properties under particular circumstances such as among subjects with met...