The use of proteins or peptides as immunogens is attractive for the development of vaccines, especially cancer vaccines, but requires efficient and safe adjuvant formulations to overcome their intrinsic weak immunogenicity. Although dozens of different adjuvants have been shown to be effective in preclinical and clinical studies, alum remains the only one approved for human use in the USA and the most employed worldwide, but it turned out to be inefficient in cancer vaccine formulations. Indeed, the prerequisites for an ideal cancer adjuvant differ from conventional adjuvants. Since cancer vaccines target self-antigens, the ideal cancer adjuvant must be extremely potent to circumvent immune tolerance, but it must also be safe to avoid autoi...