Electron-cyclotron-resonance heating in Wendelstein 7-X: A versatile heating and current-drive method and a tool for in-depth physics studies
- Wolf R. C.
- Bozhenkov S.
- Dinklage A.
- Fuchert G.
- Kazakov Y. O.
- Laqua H. P.
- Marsen S.
- Marushchenko N. B.
- Stange T.
- Zanini M.
- Abramovic I.
- Alonso A.
- Baldzuhn J.
- Beurskens M.
- Beidler C. D.
- Braune H.
- Brunner K. J.
- Chaudhary N.
- Damm H.
- Drewelow P.
- Gantenbein G.
- Gao Y.
- Geiger J.
- Hirsch M.
- Hofel U.
- Jakubowski M.
- Jelonnek J.
- Jensen T.
- Kasparek W.
- Knauer J.
- Korsholm S. B.
- Langenberg A.
- Lechte C.
- Leipold F.
- Mora H. T.
- Neuner U.
- Nielsen S. K.
- Moseev D.
- Oosterbeek H.
- Pablant N.
- Pasch E.
- Plaum B.
- Pedersen T. S.
- Sitjes A. P.
- Rahbarnia K.
- Rasmussen J.
- Salewski M.
- Schilling J.
- Scott E.
- Stejner M.
- Thomsen H.
- Thumm M.
- Turkin Y.
- Wilde F.
- Giannella V.
- Citarella R.
DOIAbstract
For stellarators, which need no or only small amounts of current drive, electron-cyclotron-resonance heating (ECRH) is a promising heating method even for the envisaged application in a fusion power plant. Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) is equipped with a steady-state capable ECRH system, operating at 140 GHz, which corresponds to the 2nd cyclotron harmonic of the electrons at a magnetic field of 2.5 T. Ten gyrotrons are operational and already delivered 7 MW to W7-X plasmas. Combined with pellet injection, the highest triple product (0.68 ×1020 keV m-3 s), observed up to now in stellarators, was achieved (Sunn Pedersen et al 2018 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 61 014035). For the first time, W7-X plasmas were sustained by 2nd harmonic O-mode heating...
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