The right to punish has traditionally been considered the symbol of state sovereignty. Paradoxically, however, as the legal universalism underlying human rights and the concept of crimes against humanity converges with the economicglobalization that facilitates transnational crime, criminal law has become a prime area of legal harmonization.Taking examples from the Fields of experimentation of crimes against humanity, human trafficking, cybercrime, terrorism, bribery, fraud on the financial interests of the European Union, organized crime, and criminal penalties, the authors present Elements of a theory of the harmonization of criminal law. Emphasizing that harmonization is a dynamic process, the authors present these elements from four per...