Study of Occupational Changes(Ⅲ) -Focusing on the Environmental Industry-

본 연구는 국가 전략 분야의 직업 세계에 대한 체계적인 분석을 위한 시도이다. 본 연구에서는 환경 산업을 중심으로 관련 직업의 생성과 발전 과정을 분석하고, 직업별 실태, 직업 경로, 직무 수행 능력 등을 파악하려고 한다. 한국직업능력개발원에서 2001년과 2002년에 수행한 정보 통신 산업 및 문화 콘텐츠 산업의 직업에 관한 연구 결과에 따르면, 국가 전략 분야는 신생 직업의 보고(寶庫)이며, 현재 체계적인 인력양성이 시급한 실정이다.이상에서 살펴본 연구 필요성에 따른 본 연구 목적은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 직업 분류를 검토하고 유망 직업을 선정하여 다양한 환경 산업관련 직업들을 체계화하려고 한다. 둘째, 환경 산업 관련 직업의 특성 및 직업 경로(career path) 등을 분석하여 환경 산업 관련 직업의 실태를 객관적으로 파악한다. 셋째, 환경 산업 관련 인력의 특성을 이해하여 직업 교육 훈련, 고용 관리 등 인적 자원 정책의 기초 자료를 제공한다. 넷째, 환경 관련 신기술과 환경 산업의 발전 동향을 분석하고 환경 관련 신직업의 생성과 전문화 실태를 분석한다. 이와 같은 연구를 수행하기 위하여 각종 관련 문헌을 검토하였고, 델파이 조사, 연구진의 심층 면담 조사, 현장조사원을 활용한 면담 조사,전문가 협의회 등의 연구 방법이 사용되었다.1. Introduction This research presents an analysis of some of the occupations associated with Korea‘s national strategic industries. More specifically, this paper focused on the environmental industry, and analyzes the formation and development of occupations within this industry, the present state of these occupations, career paths, and job performances. The Study of Occupations in the Information Communications and Cultural Contents Industries, which were carried out by KRIVET in 2001 and 2002, identified national strategic industries as being the main source of new occupations. As such, there is a growing need to educate human resources using specialized and systematic educational programs. Therefore, the objectives of this paper can be summarized as follows: First, by classifying existing occupations and identifying potential future ones, this paper will strive to present a systematic analysis of environmental related occupations. Second, this paper will strive to understand the present state of occupations related to the environmental industry by analyzing their characteristics and career paths. Third, by striving to identify the main characteristics of the human resources presently employed in the environmental industry, this paper hopes to collect the basic data needed to establish human resource related policiessuch as those concerned with vocational education & training programs, and employment management policies. Fourth, this paper will investigate new environmental related technologies, trends related to the development of the environmental industry, and the state of the creation and specialization of new occupations. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, related literature was examined, a Delphi Survey was conducted, visits to environmental enterprises were made, a survey to understand the actual conditions of the environmental industry was undertaken, and specialists were consulted. 2. Environmental industry and development of related technologies The pre 1980‘s marked the first stage in the development of the Korean environmental industry, that is, when an environmental industry market first emerged. The second stage, stemming roughly from 1980-2004, was one in which investment was concentrated in the construction of the basic facilities needed to further develop the environmental industry. The third stage, expected to begin in around 2005, will see investment in the basic environmental facilities come to a close. Competition to develop environmental technologies such as, those reducing and eliminating pollutants, or for the treatment and recycling of wastes, will become even more heated as global environmental regulations are strengthened. Moreover, the general population‘s desire for higher living standards is increasingly being considered when establishing national policies. As a result, the development of technologies to do such things as preserve the natural environment, prevent pollutants, and reclaim polluted land, will increase significantly. Furthermore, as a result of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established to tackle global warming, energy technologies will increasingly be developed. As emphasis is increasingly being placed on the importance of clean energy production technologies to reduce the emission of pollutants, more and more industries will come to participate in efforts to solve environmental problems. As it also meshes well with the goal of sustainable development, the development of clean production technologies is expected to increase significantly in the future. 3. Present state of environmental industry related occupations A. Introduction of the research A survey of the people employed in the environmental industry was conducted in order to understand the actual state of occupations in this particular field, to identify some of the vocational education and training programs used, to comprehend some of the occupational changes that have occurred, and to develop the basic data needed to conduct further studies on environmental industry related occupations. Sections on job performance, career experience, occupational satisfaction, vocational education & training, working conditions, occupational changes, and the provision of human resources were included in the survey. B. Job performance With regards to the importance of job performance, those surveyed listed creativeness (4.01) and interpersonal relations (4.01) as the most important criteria related to the carrying out of job tasks. Meanwhile, logic and calculation skills (3.94), language skills (3.72), and visual and spatial ability (3.7) also scored well, while manual skills (3.10) and physical capacity (3.13) did not fare as well. Musical ability (2.05) was regarded as being the least important criteria when it comes to the implementation of environmental related job tasks. When it came to the level of education needed to carry out job related tasks, 52% of the participants answered that a university degree was required, 25.7% answered that a college degree would do, while 12.3% answered that a masters' degree was needed. On the other hand 7.3% answered that a PhD degree was a prerequisite, while 2.5% answered that a high school degree was enough. C. Career experience The response to the question, &quotHow many times have you changed occupations after graduating from school,&quotwhich was posed to the 600 participants, was on average 2.2 times. This question was posed in order to ascertain how often people employed in the environmental industry change their occupations on average. By individual occupation, radioactive waste managers, ecological engineers, and environmental health managers were found to change jobs less, while environmental researchers, environmental engineers, wastewater treatment plant operators, and water resource engineering managers changed jobs more often. These results can be seen as having been caused by an unstable employment structure and low job satisfaction. With regards to career experience, the most important question proved to be the following, &quotwith the knowledge, skills, and aptitudes that you currently possess, do you think you would be able to change jobs?&quotHere 53.3% answered in the affirmative, while 46.5% answered that there were no other job options open to them D. Occupational satisfaction On the question of satisfaction with the present occupation, six different areas were identified: current job tasks, relationship with co-workers and senior workers, working conditions, working environment, potential for self-development, and social status of the occupation in question. The following results were exhibited: relationship with co-workers and senior workers (3.04 points), working conditions (2.51 points), the working environment (2.58 points), potential for self-development (2.68 points), and social status of the occupation (2.67 points). E. Vocational education & training An attempt was made to ascertain whether or not regular education and training programs related to the occupations of the survey participants existed. In this regard, 66.5% of the participants answered that indeed such programs did exist. Interestingly enough, while only 33.3% of ISO 14000 examiners answered that regular education and training programs were in place, 96.7% of the ecological engineers, and 83.3% of the environmental engineers answered in the affirmative. F. Working conditions People involved in the environmental industry worked an average of51.5 hours a week. By occupation, environmental pollution prevention specialists were found to work on average 60.6 hours a week, while water supply engineers worked 58.7 hours, and ecological engineers 55.7. Ton the other hand, ISO 14000 examiners worked on average 43.8 hours a week, while radioactive waster managers worked 47, and environmental health managers worked on average 48.6 hours a week. Moreover, starting annual salaries, as well as the salaries of those who had worked for three years, were investigated in order to understand the salary levels of those employed in the environmental industry. The average starting salary was found to be 19.07 million won, while the average salary after three years was 25.12 million won. The highest starting annual salary, 27.63 million won, was that of an ISO 14000 examiner. The starting annual salary of ecological engineers, alternative energy development researchers, waste treatment engineers, and marine environmental engineers were all found to be in excess of 20 million won. 4. Occupational changes in the environmental industry. A. Reasons for the occupational changes in the environmental industry An attempt was made to uncover the reasons for the occupational changes that have occurred in the environmental industry. These have been divided into economic, social, and technological causes in accordance with the analysis framework found in chapter I. As such, economic causes, such as those concerned with industry and market related matters, social causes, such as related institutions and people's opinion, and technological causes were found to be the main engine behind the creation of some new jobs and the disappearance of others. B. Occupational changes in the environmental industry Some of the occupations that were made obsolete by the development of technologies, such as the introduction of computers, were blueprint designers, typists, and simple assemblers, in other words occupations where manual skills were required. The most important new occupation to emerge within the environmental industry as a result of the introduction of computer technology is that of the CAD designer, an occupation which replaced blueprint designers. With regards to new job tasks within the environmental industry caused by the development of computer technologies, the simulation of environmental phenomena and effects using computers was found to be the most important. Environmental consultants, EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) specialists, and ecological engineers pointed out that simulation related occupations were one of the new occupations that have sprung up as a result of advances in technology. In addition, ecological engineers and marine environmental engineers also identified GIS specialists as another occupation that has emerged as a result of technological development. C. Potential future occupations in the environmental industry In order to select potential future occupations, this research used a qualitative method that involved interviews with specialists. More specifically, a Delphi Survey was used to collect the specialists' opinions. The potential occupations were selected using a three-prong procedure involving an analysis of related literature and materials, a Delphi Survey, as well the holding of conferences with specialists and visits to those in the actual field. Through this process, 33 different potential future occupations were selected. D. Environmental industry related human resources When asked whether there were difficulties associated with finding the human resources needed within the environmental industry, 17.2% of respondents answered that there were serious difficulties, while 42.0% answered that there were some difficulties. Based on these results, the conclusion can be reached that there are in fact difficulties associated with the assurance of the human resources needed within the environmental industry. With regards to individual occupations, over 70% of the survey respondents answered that they were serious difficulties associated with finding environmental consultants (70.0%), environmental engineers to control air pollution (80.0%), and ecological engineers (73.3%). In the case of the above-mentioned occupations, as the rising interest in climate change, ecology, and environmental management is directly related to the demand for human resources, the supply of the necessary specialists has not been able to keep pace with demand. When asked about the reasons for the difficulties associated with securing the necessary human resources, the following answers were provided by the respondents: improper working conditions (36.6%), lack of human resources with the proper educational background in the environmental field (14.6%), and the lack of qualified human resources (23.9%). Significantly, the lack of qualified human resources was especially poignant within those occupations identified above as being hard to fill.요 약 제1장 서론 제1절 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 1. 연구의 필요성 1 2. 연구 목적 3 제2절 직업변동의 개념 3 제3절 선행 연구에 대한 검토 5 1. 환경산업 분야 직업에 관한 연구 5 2. 환경산업의 직업 분류 10 3. 환경산업 분야 인력 수급 전망 관련 연구 17 제4절 연구 방법 28 1. 문헌 및 관련 자료 분석 29 2. 델파이 조사 29 3. 면담 조사 30 4. 전문가 협의호 및 워크숍 개최 31 제2장 환경산업과 관련 기술의 발전 제1절 환경산업의 정의 33 제2절 환경산업의 산업분류 38 제3절 환경산업의 발전 과정 및 현황 46 1. 환경산업의 발전 과정 46 2. 환경산업의 현황 49 제4절 환경 기술 및 산업의 전망 54 1. 국내 환경산업의 시장 전망 54 2. 국내 환경산업체 전망 55 3. 국내 환경 기술 전망 56 제3장 환경산업 분야 직업 실태 제1절 조사 개요 59 1. 조사 목적 및 내용 59 2. 표본 설계 및 조사 방법 61 3. 조사 대상자의 일반 현황 61 제2절 직업 수행 능력 64 1. 직업 수행 능력 64 2. 직무 수행에 요구되는 교육 수준 67 3. 업무 필요 숙련 기간 69 4. 직무 수행에 필요한 교과목 수준 71 제3절 직업 경력 74 1. 직업 이동 74 2. 직업 경로 75 3. 전직 가능한 직업 78 4. 이직 계획 79 제4절 직업 만족도 82 1. 직무 수행과 관련된 흥미 82 2. 현 직업이 적성에 맞는지 여부 84 3. 직업에 대한 만족도 86 제5절 직업 교육 훈련 93 1. 직업 관련 정규 교육 과정 93 2. 직업 훈련 기관 97 3. 직업 교육 훈련의 문제점 108 4. 관련 자격증 112 제4장 환경산업의 직업변동 제1절 환경산업의 직업을 변화시키는 요인 129 1. 경제적 요인 130 2. 사회적 요인 135 3. 기술적 요인 147 제2절 환경 관련 직업의 생성 149 1. 1960년대 151 2. 1980년대 151 3. 1990년대 152 4. 2000년대 153 5. 소결 154 제3절 기술 발전에 따른 직업의 생성과 소멸 155 제4절 환경산업의 직업 전망 159 1. 직업별 종사자 수 예층 159 2. 환경 관련 직업의 발전 가능성 160 제5절 환경산업 분야의 유망 직업 162 1. 1단계 : 환경산업 분야의 직업 총정리 164 2. 2단계 : 델파이 조사 166 3. 3단계 : 직업 연구의 대상 직업 확정 (전문가 협의회와 현장 조사) 170 제6절 환경산업의 인력 172 1. 채용 방식 172 2. 인력 확보의 현황 175 3. 인력의 교육 수준 178 제5장 정책 제언 제6장 결론 제1절 환경산업과 관련 기술의 발전 193 제2절 환경산업관련 직업의 실태 194 제3절 환경산업의 직업변동 197 <부록1> 델파이 조사 전문가 명단 201 <부록2> 델파이 조사 제1차 설문지 203 <부록3> 환경산업 분야 직업변동 및 직업 실태 면담 조사지 209<부록4> 한국직업사전(각년도)에 수록된 환경관련 직업 233 참고문헌 23