Nan Song Lü Yihao zhi zheng shi dai yan jiu

戰爭與國家的形成、發展與變化具有密切的關係，只是戰爭對不同國家所產生的影響有著不同的程度而已。學者研究戰爭在國史上的影響時，其視線往往只停留在戰爭與近代中國發展的關係，尤其關注戰爭如何促使近代中國發展成具備現代意義的國家。然而，戰爭對古代中國同樣產生了深遠的影響。國史上有所謂「中興」，就是王朝因外族入侵或內部叛亂而導致覆亡，在文臣武將的支持下，宗室成員或成功撲滅叛亂勢力，或成功抵擋入侵勢力，從而延續了王朝的統治，南宋就屬於這一類中興王朝，宋高宗(1127-1162在位)亦被視為中興之主。宣和七年(1125)，金人撕毀了與北宋簽定的合作協議，揮軍南侵，兵鋒直抵北宋國都開封。雖然宋廷成功通過議和讓金人退兵，但是，金人很快就再次南侵，並攻破開封，徽宗(1101-1125在位)、欽宗(1126-1127位)及大批宗室、士民成為金人俘虜。高宗在臣民支持下繼承皇位於應天府，開創建了南宋王朝。從高宗繼位伊始，直至紹興十二年(1142)宋金締結和約的十多年間，兩國一直處於敵對狀態，戰事不斷。如何建構一套適應戰爭形勢的國家體制，以保障新生政權得以延續，就成為高宗及其委任的宰相所必須要面對的問題。呂頤浩(1071-1139)在這段戰爭時期兩次拜相，是南宋成功擺脫危機、走向穩定的重要人物之一。本論文以戰爭與南宋的關係為框架，以呂頤浩執政期間所從事的戰時建設為研究個案，目的是分析高宗初年的宰相在面對王朝處於戰爭時，是如何從制度變革入手去從事內部建設，以及這些變革所產生的影響。本論文有兩個核心部分：第一部分是分析呂頤浩各方面的資訊，包括家世背景、仕宦經歷、性格特點、人際網絡關係，以及高宗起用他為相的幾個關鍵因素，上述的討論將有助於我們理解及解釋呂頤浩執政期間的作為；第二部分是分析呂頤浩執政期間所建構的戰時政治體制及戰時財政體制，以及這些措施對南宋得以存續所產生的效用，以及對南宋的政治發展、制度變革產生了甚麼樣的影響。Wars are said to have a profound influence on a country’s formation, development, and change. Previous studies of Chinese war history focused on its modern period, and, in particular, how China transformed into a modern country. However, wars have also had great impact on traditional China.In Chinese historiography there is a phenomenon called zhongxing 中興 (restoration). Non-Han Chinese invasions or civil wars resulted in the collapse of some empires. With the support of civil and military officials, imperial clan members suppress rebel forces, or resisted invasions from non- Han Chinese peoples, and thus continued the reign of the dynasty. The Southern Song is recognized as a period of restoration engineered by Emperor Gaozong 高宗.In 1125, the Jurchen emperor subverted the cooperation agreement signed with the Northern Song, and led his army towards Kaifeng, the Northern Song capital. The Song court made peace with the Jurchen army, who soon invaded Kaifeng again, and eventually destroyed this Chinese empire. Emperor Huizong 徽宗, Emperor Qinzong 欽宗, a large number of imperial clan, as well as people in the city were all captured by the Jurchen. Gaozong inherited the throne at Yingtianfu 應天府, which marked the setting up of the Southern Song dynasty. From then on, the Song and the Jurchen were in a state of hostility for more than 10 years until they signed a peace treaty in 1142. During the wartime, Gaozong and his subordinates were faced with the problem of how to construct a wartime institution to protect the new regime’s continuity. It is in this critical moment of history that Lü Yihao (1071-1139) was appointed twice by Gaozong as chief minister. And Lü became one of the most important figures of the Southern Song who overcame the crisis and led the country into stability.The relationship between wars and the Southern Song dynasty forms the framework of this dissertation, with the wartime construction pushed forward by Lü as a case study. The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the way how Lü engages the internal construction to start from the institutional change, as well as the impact of these changes.This dissertation is in two components. The first one is an analysis of basic information pertaining to Lü Yihao’s family and education background, experience in officialdom, personality characteristics, social network, and why Gaozong appointed him as chief minister. This will help us understand Lü’s policy in detail. The second one is to analyze the ways Lü constructs the wartime political institution and wartime financial institution, the effectiveness of these measures, as well as the impacts on political development and institutional change of the Southern Song after Lü stepped down from his office.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.梁偉基.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 270-297).Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.Abstracts in Chinese and English.Liang Weiji.Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1Chapter 第一節 --- 問題的提出及其意義 --- p.1Chapter 第二節 --- 個案的選取及其原因 --- p.8Chapter 第三節 --- 研究的動向及其得失 --- p.14Chapter 第四節 --- 史料的選用及其類別 --- p.24Chapter 第五節 --- 討論的重點及其架構 --- p.25Chapter 第二章 --- 從山東寒士到中興名相 --- p.28Chapter 第一節 --- 西北二邊風雲變色 --- p.28Chapter 第二節 --- 家世及一舉及第 --- p.44Chapter 第三節 --- 出仕及早年仕宦 --- p.46Chapter 第四節 --- 充滿爭議的政治人物 --- p.55Chapter 第五節 --- 全章總結 --- p.67Chapter 第三章 --- 中興名相的政治世界 --- p.69Chapter 第一節 --- 日常性人際網絡 --- p.69Chapter 第二節 --- 朋黨性人際網絡 --- p.89Chapter 第三節 --- 呂頤浩成功登場的原因 --- p.105Chapter 第四章 --- 全章總結 --- p.124Chapter 第四章 --- 戰時政治體制的確立 --- p.125Chapter 第一節 --- 揚州潰退後的政治危機 --- p.126Chapter 第二節 --- 政治動員的核心 --- p.145Chapter 第三節 --- 國家機構的變革 --- p.152Chapter 第四節 --- 皇帝御筆的強化 --- p.169Chapter 第五節 --- 中央與地方溝通管道的重開 --- p.176Chapter 第六章 --- 全章總結 --- p.188Chapter 第五章 --- 戰時財政體制的確立 --- p.191Chapter 第一節 --- 揚州潰退後的財政危機 --- p.192Chapter 第二節 --- 開源與節流 --- p.201Chapter 第三節 --- 戶部─都轉運司體制 --- p.208Chapter 第四節 --- 榷貨務─提舉茶鹽司體制 --- p.223Chapter 第五節 --- 臨安府─兩浙轉運司體制 --- p.232Chapter 第六節 --- 全章總結 --- p.238Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.242Chapter 第一節 --- 戰時宰相所具備的特點 --- p.242Chapter 第二節 --- 「外元祐，內熙豐」的政治理念 --- p.243Chapter 第三節 --- 後呂頤浩執政時代的形勢 --- p.244Chapter 附表一： --- 紹聖元年(1094)畢漸榜登科人名錄 --- p.250Chapter 附表二： --- 宣諭五使薦舉人材表 --- p.260Chapter 附表三： --- 呂頤浩執政時期歷任臨安知府 --- p.264Chapter 附表四： --- 紹興三年(1133)至乾道七年(1171)歷任臨安知府 --- p.266徵引及參考書目 --- p.27