Qu wu ming hua de zheng zhi

近年来，针对就业和就学中遭遇歧视的困境，中国乙肝携带者发起一场要求消除歧视、维护合法权益的抗争运动。为什么乙肝携带者就业歧视问题在中国如此显著？面对国家和市场这两大最具权势的系统，公民社会将何以对抗？本文旨在从社会学的视角对这场“将‘乙肝’去除"的运动进行解读。本文采用个案研究方法，以北京益仁平中心为主要研究对象，围绕 “乙肝"在中国的建构和重构过程，将研究聚焦于三个方面：第一，乙肝污名化过程以及国家、市场中的话语权；第二，反乙肝歧视维权运动的条件和动员机制；第三，“将‘乙肝’去除"中的政治和权力话语三角。本文从社会运动理论中的资源动员、政治机会结构和框架理论出发解读中国乙肝携带者的维权运动；将运动中的微观景象与宏观社会结构结合起来，考察影响乙肝携带者维权运动的主要因素以及运动的动员机制。研究伊始分别从国家和市场两个领域审视乙肝歧视问题在中国的建构过程，阐明乙肝污名化是政府权威以及市场中医药商和医学权威共谋下的合力作用，从而为乙肝携带者反歧视抗争运动的后续研究选择一个合适的立足点。笔者在案例中发现，组织在维权运动中将乙肝携带者群体动员起来，采取有效的策略，充分利用其在资源获得方面的优势、建立乙肝维权组织网络、善于把握时机营造政治机会空间、并能够吸纳律师和媒体的专业力量是维权行动能取得成功的重要因素。组织在维权行动中的话语框架对运动的发展至关重要。乙肝携带者群体对组织运动框架的认同是动员成功的基础；掌握定义“乙肝"的主动权、运动领袖的可信性、框架话语表达的日常化、与媒体的良好关系等策略有助于框架在动员中与参与者、旁观者产生共鸣；抗争精英通过话语框架为抗争活动提供合法性。反乙肝歧视维权运动可以看作是一个“将‘乙肝’去除"的“去污名化"运动。一方面，中央政府与地方政府有着各自自主性利益；另一方面，乙肝携带者群体内部就抗争形式也难以统一，这两种分裂情况交叉形成了一个围绕“将‘乙肝’去除"的，以规则、效益和权利为话语的权力三角，支撑反歧视行动的抗争空间。权力三角的多变性决定去除“乙肝"的行动是有策略的、冒险的，但却相对稳定。Hepatitis B Virus carriers (HBVers) have launched series social movements targeting at eliminating discriminations against HBVers in job market and promoting fair employment in recent decade of years. Why does nowhere match the HBV discrimination in such country like China? How is contentious politics possible when the powerless engage in struggles with power holders, like state and market in China? The thesis attempts to learn the intricacies of body politics with sociological approaches.Yirenping, a NGO located in Beijing, is selected as research object in this case study. Concentrating on the political nature of the HBV confrontations, this thesis is comprised of three parts: first, the stigmatization of HBV in China; second, tactics and strategies that employed against the system of discrimination; third, the politics of “Removing HBV" and the power triangle among state, market and civil society.The analysis of the HBV movement is informed by three sociological theories of social movements: resource mobilization, political opportunity structure and framing, meanwhile macro structure and micro interaction are combined. It is postulated that this disease discrimination in China occurs when confronting an entrenched stigmatization conjoined from both state and market dedicated to keeping the HBVers excluded and marginalized, which serves as a departure point for further analysis of the struggles for power against this discrimination. Resources mobilized, leaderships and organizations, networks among HBVers and outside supporters, strategies in mobilization positively facilitate the anti-discrimination movements. Utilizing the institutional advocacies as well as informal networks with officials, NPC & CPCCC delegates open more political opportunities within the preexisting political environment.Framing is essential to the movement mobilization. Identifying closely with the visions and missions in movements, the self conceptualization of HBV-discrimination, charismatic leaders, the everyday narrative of the frame, as well as strategic media coverage help promoting resonance among movement participants and standers-by. Framing strategies provide legitimacy for HBV selves in collective movements.Finally, the thesis came to the conclusion that anti-discrimination-against-HBVers social movements in China can be interpreted as a process of struggle to “Removing HBV" power. Central government and local ones have their autonomies and interests respectively, while weak but observed divisions in protesting strategies also exist within the HBVers, which shape a triangle of power struggles among the dominant and dominated groups. The power triangle is flexible, and the “Removing HBV" movements are strategic, risk-taking, while being routinized.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.郭娜.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-156)Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.Abstracts in Chinese and English.Guo Nuo.中文摘要 --- p.i英文摘要 --- p.ii引言 --- p.1Chapter 第一章 --- 导论 乙肝：作为医学问题和作为社会问题 --- p.3Chapter 1.1 --- 作为医学问题的乙型肝炎及其全球地理分布 --- p.3Chapter 1.2 --- 乙型肝炎在中国 --- p.6Chapter 1.3 --- 作为社会问题的乙肝歧视 --- p.8Chapter 1.4 --- 研究方法 --- p.10Chapter 1.5 --- 小结 --- p.14Chapter 第二章 --- 研究问题与文献回顾 --- p.15Chapter 2.1 --- 社会运动理论的发展脉络 --- p.16Chapter 2.2 --- 认同与社会运动的动员 --- p.21Chapter 2.3 --- 中国底层社会与维权抗争研究回顾 --- p.24Chapter 2.4 --- 中国反乙肝歧视运动的分析框架 --- p.26Chapter 2.5 --- 小结 --- p.34Chapter 第三章 --- 政府与入职体检 --- p.35Chapter 3.1 --- 新中国成立之初的公共卫生政策 --- p.35Chapter 3.2 --- 中国人事制度改革和公务员职业声望 --- p.39Chapter 3.3 --- 体检标准与强制乙肝检测 --- p.43Chapter 3.4 --- 小结 --- p.47Chapter 第四章 --- 市场话语权与定义“乙肝" --- p.49Chapter 4.1 --- 市场中的虚假广告 --- p.50Chapter 4.2 --- 体检经济 --- p.54Chapter 4.3 --- 医药商与医学权威 --- p.56Chapter 4.4 --- 小结 --- p.58Chapter 第五章 --- 乙肝携带者的个人经验 --- p.61Chapter 5.1 --- 疾病的社会建构 --- p.62Chapter 5.2 --- 乙肝携带者的认知过程 --- p.66Chapter 5.3 --- 乙肝携带者的抗争选择 --- p.68Chapter 5.4 --- 小结 --- p.74Chapter 第六章 --- 从个体经验到集体行动：公民社会的回应 --- p.76Chapter 6.1 --- 从个人困境到集体行动 --- p.76Chapter 6.2 --- 反乙肝歧视运动中的资源动员 --- p.80Chapter 6.3 --- 反乙肝歧视组织网络 --- p.82Chapter 6.4 --- 反乙肝歧视运动中的机会空间 --- p.86Chapter 6.5 --- 小结 --- p.90Chapter 第七章 --- 框架策略：反乙肝歧视运动中的动员 --- p.91Chapter 7.1 --- 认同与社会运动 --- p.91Chapter 7.2 --- 反乙肝歧视运动的行动框架 --- p.95Chapter 7.3 --- 反乙肝歧视运动的动员策略 --- p.100Chapter 7.4 --- 小结 --- p.107Chapter 第八章 --- 身体的政治：将“乙肝"去除 --- p.108Chapter 8.1 --- 权力的维度 --- p.108Chapter 8.2 --- 反乙肝歧视行动的抗争轨迹 --- p.111Chapter 8.3 --- 国家、市场与公民社会：将“乙肝"去除 --- p.116Chapter 8.4 --- 小结 --- p.130Chapter 第九章 --- 总结与讨论 --- p.131参考文献 --- p.137Chapter 附录A --- 访谈提纲 --- p.157Chapter 附录B --- 64名被访者基本信息概况 --- p.160致谢 --- p.16