Wartime Sexual Violence Against Women and International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

Tekst problemski analizira tretman ratnoga seksualnog nasilja nad ženama pri Međunarodnom kaznenom sudu za ratne zločine počinjene na području bivše Jugoslavije (MKSJ). Ishodište te analize je rodnoetnički diskurs, utemeljen na procjenama informacija o ratnim silovanjima, odaslanim od strane medija i UN – a. Nastala su dva temeljna smjera promišljanja – rodnosubjektni i etnopolitički. Rodnosubjektni korpus teorija rodno dimenzionira ratno seksualno nasilje. Etnopolitički propituje odnos između ženskog i etničkog subjekta. Analitički problematična mjesta imenujem prostorima disjunkcije. Prvi takav prostor je žensko tijelo. U njemu se raspravlja o inzistiranju MKSJ-a na proglašavanju ratnim zločinima samo onih silovanja koja su bila dijelom sustavne i masovne politike silovanja. Drugi prostor disjunkcije je ženski subjekt. U njemu se propituje podređivanje ženskog subjekta etničkom subjektu, a što je najevidentnije u tretiranju prisilne trudnoće isključivo u kontekstu etničkog čišćenja. Posljednji, treći prostor disjunkcije je ženska šutnja. Pravno zanemarivanje preživljavateljica i svjedokinja od strane MKSJ-a, što povećava vjerojatnost sekundarne viktimizacije. Time se obeshrabruje slamanje šutnje. U zaključnom se dijelu razmatra moguće posljedice humanitarnopravnog utemeljenja patrijarhalne konstrukcije etniciteta u mirnodopskom kontekstu s posebnim osvrtom na perpetuiranje etnocentrizma i patrijarhata. Međunarodni kazneni sud (MKZ) nije prepoznat kao mogućnost pronalaženja disjunkcijama ispražnjenog prostora pravde. To mjesto bi mogli preuzeti sudovi alternativne pravde.The text analyses the problem of the treatment of the wartime sexual violence against women at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The starting point of the analysis is the gender-ethnical discourse based on the evaluations of data on war rapes published by the media and the UN. Two fundamental lines of thinking developed: gender-subject and ethno-political. The gender-subject corpus of theories examines the gender dimension of the wartime sexual violence. The ethno-political questions the relationship between the female subject and the ethnical subject. I will refer to the analytically problematic places as spaces of disjunction. The first such place is the female body. Here we discuss the ICTY’s insistence on naming as war crimes only the rapes that belonged to the systematic and mass politics of rape. The second space of disjunction is the female subject. Here we examine subordination of the female subject to the ethnical subject, which is most evident from the treatment of forced pregnancy exclusively in the context of ethnical cleansing. The third and the last space of disjunction is the female silence. The ICTY legally neglects survivors and witnesses, which increases the probability of secondary victimization, and discourages the breach of silence. The final part of the paper examines possible consequences of the humanitarian-legal foundation of the patriarchal construction of identity during the peacetime, especially the perpetuating of ethnocentrism and patriarchy. The International Criminal Tribunal is not seen as being able to fill the spaces of justice, emptied by the disjunctions. Such a role may come to be assumed by the courts of alternative justice