INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE DEFINITION THROUGH ICTY CASES

Nakon kobnoga Drugog svjetskog rata međunarodna je zajednica, osviještena nerazmjerima političkog holokausta, u revitaliziranoj formi Lige naroda, tj. Ujedinjenim narodima 1948. usvojila Konvenciju o sprječavanju i kažnjavanju zločina genocida, koja je stupila na snagu 12. siječnja 1951. Njena deklarativna i preventivna svrha dosegnula je i onu neželjenu – represivnu, jer se Konvencija 1990-ih počela „primjenjivati” na slučajeve teških kršenja zakona i običaja ratovanja. Njezina definicija genocida sprovedena je u gotovo svim normativnim aktima kojima se regulira kazneno ili međunarodno kazneno pravo, pa tako i u hrvatskom Kaznenom zakonu, Rimskom statutu, Statutu MKSJ-a i MKSR-a, te mnogim drugima. Ipak, definicija nije mogla predvidjeti sve oblike pod koje se to strašno kazneno djelo pravilno podvodi pa su uslijedile mnoge interpretacije pravnika i sudaca, i to kroz slučajeve o kojima će biti riječ. Borislav Herak bio je 1993. prvi osuđenik za genocid u BiH nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, zatim Nikola Jorgić u Njemačkoj 1997. za općinu Doboj, a MKSJ je osudio generala Radislava Krstića, i to iste 1998. godine kada je i MKSR osudio Akayesua. Nikada neka država nije bila osuđena za genocid, a Srbija je nakon tužbe BiH okrivljena „samo” zbog toga što nije poduzela adekvatne mjere da spriječi genocid (u Srebrenici), čime je postala jedina koja je formalnopravno prekršila Konvenciju, ali nije izravno proglašena odgovornom za provođenje genocida od strane bosanske srpske vojske (VRS). U radu se analiziraju presude MKSJ-a i njihov utjecaj na razvoj definicije genocida i raznih njegovih pojavnih oblika.Following the fate of the Second World War, the international community, aware of the disproportions of the political holocaust, in the revitalized form of the League of Peoples, ie the United Nations, adopted the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which came into force on 12 January 1951. Its declarative and preventive purpose reached unwanted repressive too, since the convention began to “apply” to cases of serious violations of the laws and customs of war, especially in the nineties of the last century. Its definition has been implemented in almost all normative acts regulating criminal or international criminal law, including the Croatian Criminal Code, the Rome Statute, the Statute of the ICTY and the ICTR and many others. However, the definition could not foresee all the forms that this terrible criminal offense is properly undergoing, so many interpretations have been made, both by lawyers and judges, through the cases to which they will be concerned. Borislav Herak was the first convicted for genocide after the Second World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1993, then Jorgic in Germany in 1997 for the Doboj municipality, and general Radislav Krstic was convicted in the ICTY in 1998 when Akayesu in ICTR. The state has never been convicted of genocide, and Serbia has been blamed for “just” failing to take adequate measures to prevent genocide (in Srebrenica), which has become the only one that has formally violated the Convention, but is not directly pronounced accountable for carrying out genocide by the Bosnian Serbs. The paper analyzes the judgments of the ICTY and their development of the definition of genocide and various manifestations of the most serious crime