The Jewish identity of the intertestamental period, especially associated with the Pharisees, is based on what we might call ‘privilege of separation’ – to be Jewish is to be separate, to be chosen and apart from all other peoples, especially separate from gentiles and idolaters. This identity hinged on a set of doctrines and practices that were consolidated in the so-called ‘Sinai or Exodus tradition’, brought together in the theology of the Alliance and which had been transformed into a kind of normative and legal code which was the ‘Law’ or ‘Torah’, as a kind of life and manifestation of an individual and particular identity. One of the fundamental elements that conferred upon Israel the certainty of a specific identity, separating it fr...