The melilite-bearing high-temperature skarns of the Apuseni Mountains, Carpathians, Romania

The melilite-bearing skarns of Cornet Hill (CH) and Upper Cerboaia Valley (UCV), in the Apuseni Mountains of Romania, occur at the contact between monzodiorite bodies of Ypresian age (Paleocene) and Neojurassic calcitic marbles. Typical wollastonite - grossular - diopside endoskarns are separated from exoskarns (tilleyite and spurrite or wollastonite at CH. wollastonite only at UCV), at most places, by a melilite-rich rock, in which veins and vein-like zones of recrystallization are composed only of idiomorphic melilite crystals reaching 15 cm across. Titanian garnet and wollastonite are the principal minerals associated with melilite (and also monticellite, perovskite, vesuvianite, cuspidine. spurrite, tilleyite, calcite, hydroxylellestadite, hydrogrossular and other minor alteration-induced minerals). A different association that includes aluminian diopside and grossular occurs (1) as veinlets in the marble close to the skarns and (2) as relict inclusions in endoskarns. From the geometrical relationships of the zone sequences and the veins, the textural features of the mineral associations and the inferred conditions of fluid-mineral equilibrium, these mineralogical peculiarities are interpreted as resulting from the superposition of two main stages. Firstly, there was circulation of a comparatively CO2-rich fluid formed the early aluminian diopside - grossular endoskarns, with depletion in Si (and Fe, Na, K) and inert behavior of Mg, Al, Ti. Then. a high-temperature (750 degreesC) fluid circulated on both sides of the contact between marble and endoskarns, and developed the melilite-rich, titanian-garnet-bearing rocks partly at the expense of previously formed endoskarns, and spurrite or wollastonite (CH) or wollastonite (UCV) exoskarns at the expense of marble. The pressure of CO2 was very low, less than 26 bars at UCV and 16 bars at CH, with a H2O pressure less than 750 bars. Not only Si and Ca were mobilized, but also Mg, Al and Ti, leached from the endoskarns and deposited in the veins and the nearby part of exoskarns. This stage, which occurred in the temperature range corresponding to the end of the crystallization of plagioclase in the monzodiorite, has pegmatitic chemical and textural features. The main flow of fluid ended with the development of tilleyite partly at the expense of spurrite and wollastonite at CH, and local high-temperature (about 710 degreesC) recrystallization of the zonation, mostly in veins, especially in the endoskarn-exoskarn boundary, but also within the endoskarns. A monticellite - gehlenite association appeared in the melilite-rich rocks, later followed by vesuvianite, whereas in the endoskarn, vesuvianite developed together with coarse-grained wollastonite and grossular