The Introduction and Dissemination of the Vaccination Methods in the Choshu Feudal Domain (Section II. Regional Development and Exchange of Rangaku)

application/pdf明治維新史研究の中で、長州藩は、常に分析の対象とされてきた。このため、長州藩の幕末・維新期の研究は、必然的に、政治史・経済史的側面からの研究を中心としており、現在、膨大な蓄積量となっている。こうした中で、筆者は、当該期の長州藩を、洋学史的側面から焦点化する有効性を主張してきた。 周知のように、幕末期洋学史研究においては、当該期の洋学の性格規定をめぐって、現在二つの見解がある。一つは、洋学の軍事科学化を重視する見解であり、もう一つは、洋学の地方への展開、即ち在村蘭学を重視する見解である。換言すると、この二つは、当該期の洋学の担い手をめぐる問題に他ならない。まさに、田﨑哲郎氏が分類した「体制内での立身・為政者への接近を指向した為政者指向型」と、「在地の蘭方医として地域的活動を専らとした在村蘭方医型」である。現在、当該期の洋学史研究では、大局的には二つの見解が交わることなく、各々が平行して究明を加えている。 筆者は、これまで、長州藩の洋学を、前者、即ち軍事科学的側面から検討してきた。しかし、同時に、後者、即ち在村蘭学の問題を放置して、幕末期洋学の性格規定をすることは不可能であると考えている。かつて、拙著『幕末期長州藩洋学史の研究』（一九九八年）で分析したように、長州藩における有名蘭学塾の出身者は、在村医及び地主豪農層においてその半数以上を占めている。緒方洪庵の適塾では八六％、伊東玄朴の象先堂においては六〇％にも上った。このように、後者の問題は、少なくとも、長州藩における洋学の実態解明にとって、欠くことのできない検討課題であるといえる。以上のような問題意識の下、後者との接点を探りながら、長州藩におけるモーニッケ苗の導入・実施及び普及について検討したものが本稿である。特に、普及の過程については、諸士・卒、及びその家族への奨励、諸郡種痘法の制定と実施、藩領域を超えた種痘の承認などの段階を踏まえ、具体的様相を明らかにしている。The Choshu feudal domain is a common topic of study in research conducted on the history of the Meiji Restoration. It is for this reason that research on the Choshu feudal domain during the end of the Edo Era and the Meiji Restoration, which has reached enormous proportions, has necessarily centered on political history and economic aspects. The author has, however, stressed the effectiveness of focusing on the Choshu feudal domain during this period from the perspective of the history of Western studies. As is well known, within research into the history of Western studies at the end of the Edo Era there are two schools of thought concerning the characterization of Western studies during this period. One emphasizes the military science aspect of Western studies, while the other emphasized the spread of Western studies to the regions, that is, Rangaku in rural villages. To put it another way, these two views are simply a question of the type of people who were advocates of Western studies at that time. It is exactly a case of the two categories put forward by Tetsuro Tasaki: the “politician oriented type with a focus on getting close to politicians from inside the system” and the “rural village Western medicine type where as local physicians of Western medicine activities were entirely status related”. There is no intersection in the broader sense between these two views in research currently being conducted on the history of Western studies during this period and additional research continues with these two running in parallel with each other. The author has previously examined Western studies in the Choshu feudal domain from the perspective of the former, namely, by looking at it from the aspect of military science. However, the author believes that by simultaneously neglecting the latter perspective, namely the issue of Rangaku in villages, it becomes impossible to characterize Western studies at the end of the Edo Era. As has already been studied in “Bakumatsuki Choshuhan Yogakushi no Kenkyu” (A Study of the History of Western Studies in the Choshu Feudal Domain at the End of the Edo Era) (1998), a previous work by the author, more than half the students graduating from famous Rangaku schools in the Choshu feudal domain were village physicians or those who were wealthy local farmers. They accounted for 86% of students in Ogata Koan's Tekijuku in Osaka and as much as 60% in Ito Genboku's Shosendo. In this way, at the very least an examination from this latter perspective is absolutely vital for understanding the true nature of Western studies in the Choshu feudal domain. Cognizant of the points outlined above, this paper examines the introduction, implementation and dissemination of the vaccinia virus by Dutch physician Otto Mohnike while investigating their intersection with the latter perspective. It unveils specific aspects while looking at the encouragement given to samurai, retainers and their families during the process of the widespread adoption of vaccinations, the establishment and implementation of vaccination methods in each county, and an approval of vaccinations that exceeded beyond the geographical bounds of the domain's territory.departmental bulletin pape