地域性論としての文化の受容構造論 : 「民俗の地域差と地域性」に関する方法論的考察

本稿は「民俗の地域差と地域性」に関する方法論的考察であり、文化の受容構造という視角から、新たな解釈モデルの構築を目指すものである。この課題を提示していく上で、これまで同じ「地域性」という言葉の下で行われてきた、幾つかの系統の研究を整理し（文化人類学的地域性論、地理学的地域性論、歴史学的地域性論）、この「地域性」概念の混乱が研究を阻害してきたことを明らかにし、解釈に混乱の余地のない「地域差」から研究をはじめるべきだとした。この地域差とは何か、何故地域差が生ずるのかという命題に関し、それまでの「地域差は時代差を示す」とした柳田民俗学に対する反動として、一九七〇年代以降、その全面否定の下で機能主義的な研究が展開してきたこと（個別分析法や地域民俗学）、しかしそれは全面否定には当たらないことを明らかにし、柳田民俗学の伝播論的成果も含めた、新たな解釈モデルとして、文化の受容構造論を提示した。その際、伝播論を地域性論に組み替えるために、かつての歴史地理学的な民俗学研究や文化領域論の諸理論を再検討するほか、言語地理学や文化地理学などの研究動向や研究方法（資料操作法）も参考にした結果、必然的に自然・社会・文化環境に対する適応という多系進化（特殊進化）論的な傾向をとるに至った。すなわち地域性論としての文化の受容構造論的モデルとは、文化移入を地域社会の受容・適応・変形・収斂・全体的再統合の過程と把握して、その過程と作用の構造を分析するもので、さらに社会文化的統合のレベルという操作概念を用いることによって、近代化・都市化の進行も視野に含めた、一種の文化変化の解釈モデルであるともいえよう。This paper is a methodological study on “regional variation and regionality of folk customs”, in which the author aims to construct a new interpretative model from the viewpoint of the structure of the acceptance of culture. To present this subject, the author considered it necessary to put in order the several lines of research (anthropological regionality, geographical regionality, and historical regionality), state clearly that this confusion in the concept of “regionality” has hindered research, and to start with the study of “regional variation”, which has no margin for confused interpretation. Concerning the proposition as to what regional variation is, and what causes regional variation, the author makes it clear that functional research has developed since the 1970s (individual analysis method and regional ethnology), as a reaction to and total denial of Yanagita Kunio\u27s ethnology which insists that “regional variation shows a difference in era”, but that this does not correspond to a total denial; and he presents the theory of a structure for the acceptance of culture as a new interpretative model, incorporating the results of the theory of dissemination of the Yanagita school of ethnology. In this process, in order to rearrange the dissemination theory as the regionality theory, the author re-examines various discussions on historical-geographical ethnology and the cultural area theory of the past, and refers to the trends and methods in research (Methods for handling materials) in linguistic geography, cultural geography, etc.. As a result, he has necessarily come to support the tendency towards the theory of multi-system evolution (special evolution), which means the adaption to the natural, social and cultural environments. In other words, the introduction of a culture should be recognized as a process of reception, adaption, transformation, conversion, and total reunification of the regional society, and the structural model for the acceptance of culture as the theory of regionality, should analyze the structure of the process and its function. Furthermore, through the use of the operating concept of the levels of socio-cultural integration, the model also becomes a kind of interpretative model of cultural changes, including within its field of vision the process of modernization and urbanization