The Religious World of Salmon : A Study on the Role of Folk Religionists in the Formation of Fishing Ceremonies

application/pdf日本においてサケは，最も複雑な民俗を形成した魚類の1つであり，その民俗は北方文化を基盤として新たに何かを付加されたり，あるいはまったく新しいものへ形を変えられたりしながら日本特有の展開がなされてきた。本稿では北方文化から連なる文化背景を基盤として，その上に覆い被さっている日本的なサケの民俗の要素について検討し，こういった日本特有の展開，表出の問題を考えていく。具体的には，日本のサケ儀礼へ民間宗教者が如何に介在し，どのような特殊性を生成したかということが眼目に据えられている。 本稿の構成はまず４つの調査対象地域を設定し，それぞれでサケ儀礼への宗教者の関与の質，度合いを探り，その後比較検証を行う。それ故比較の叩き台とするために，第２章から第５章にわたり，１つの地域のインテンシブなケーススタディーを行う。そして，そこで導かれた問題を以て，残りの３地域を検証していくという手法をとる。このような比較検証の中で明らかにしたい課題として，第１に漁撈儀礼としてのサケ儀礼と，宗教儀礼としてのサケ儀礼の関係性の問題，第２にこの２つの儀礼に類似点，共通性を生み出した要因，第３にそれらを支えた宗教者の問題を設定している。 どのような状況のもとで漁撈儀礼は宗教儀礼と成りうるのか，すなわち漁撈儀礼が宗教儀礼へと昇華する場面の問題は，儀礼の統合化と洗練化，体系化の過程といっても良く，ここにはまさに日本的な展開が現れてくるのである。独自の展開が日本内部ではどのように浸透していったかという問題もここでは問われてくるのであり，この浸透に寄与した人物が日本のサケ儀礼を日本的たらしめる大きな要因と筆者は考えている。この人物こそ，他ならぬ修験系統の宗教論理を背景とする宗教者であった。彼らは，本来的に保持してきたフレキシビリティー溢れる呪術体系にサケ儀礼を吸収していったのである。In Japan, the salmon is a fish around which have formed the most complex folk customs. These customs have been developed into a unique manner in the country, on the basis of the Northern Culture, often with the addition of new elements or transformed into something quite different. In this paper, the author examines Japanese salmon-related folk elements which overlay the basic cultural background derived from the Northern Culture, and discusses developments and expressions characteristic to Japan. Specifically, the author focuses on the part played by folk religionists in salmon ceremonies in Japan, and what unique features they generated. This paper is composed as follows: Initially, four areas are taken for the purpose of investigation and comparison of the quality and extent of the religionists' commitment to salmon ceremonies in each of these areas. An intensive case study on one area is conducted in Chapters 2 through 5, so that the results may be used as a basis for comparision. Then, the remaining three areas are checked for the problems drawn from the case study. The points that the author wishes to clarify through this comparative investigation are; firstly, the relation between the salmon ceremony as a fishing ceremony and that as a religious ceremony; secondly, the factors which generated the similarities and commonness between them; and thirdly, the question of the religionists who supported these ceremonies. Under what circumstances can a fishing ceremony be changed into a religious ceremony? In other words, the question of how a fishing ceremony can sublimate into a religious one can be answered by a statement it is a process of integration, refinement and systematization of a ceremony, in which a truely Japanese way of development is seen. Here also arises the question as to how the unique development infiltrated into inland Japan. The author considers that the persons who contributed to this infiltration were a major factor in the process Japanization of salmon ceremonies. They were, without any doubt, religionists who possessed a background of religious ideas of mountaineering asceticism. They must have flexibly absorbed the salmon ceremonies into their intrinsic incantatory systems.departmental bulletin pape