Castles and Cities of the Japanese Archipelago in Ancient Times

application/pdf日本列島に展開した各時代史において，村落や都市などを守る拠点，あるいは全体を囲む防備施設が存在した。弥生時代の環濠集落を嚆矢（こうし）として，各時代に各々特色ある防禦施設あるいは軍事施設の様相が展開したことが知られてきた。中世や近世の城郭がその代表例であるが，各時代を通じた施設の実態や変遷，多様性などはまだ十分に把握されておらず，解明を要する。 西暦７～９世紀頃の古代国家の時代には，西日本に山城，列島中央部に都城や関，東日本に城柵の造営があり，それらと関わる歴史の展開が知られている。文献で知られている遺跡の大半は考古学的調査が及んで居り，文献にみえない遺跡まで知られるに至った。多大な労力と費用をかけて維持された古代の大規模なこれらの施設の歴史は，対外交流を本格化したこの時代の特質と深く関わっている。これまでの定説的理解では，文献史料の限界や考古学的蓄積の不足もあって，その実態が知られないままに，極めて過少に評価されてきた面がある。小論では，日本列島の古代において，必要に応じた十分な施設が，国家統合や防衛，都市や村落の防備において，日本列島各地に展開した事例を指摘することができる。その代表例として，大宰府や平城京，東国の城柵の一例をとりあげてみた。しかし防備施設の普遍的な存在や時期的展開には，まだ十分に明らかになっていない点も多い。村落でも，７～８世紀，10～11世紀などに，一定の地域で必要に応じた防備された村落が展開したことも判明してきている。小論は，古代における防備施設自体の実態，及び城郭と都市との関係について見直し，新しい見解を提案するものである。In each of the periods of the history of the Japanese archipelago there existed bases for protecting villages, towns and cities, or fortifications that enclosed entire communities. With settlements situated on hills surrounded by trenches dating from the Yayoi period as the archetype, barricades and military installations with features unique to the periods in which they appeared have come to light. While castles from the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period are representative examples, further explication is required as there is still insufficient understanding of the actual conditions, changes and diversity of these facilities through the ages. During Japan's period of ancient statehood dating from around the 7th through the 9th centuries, hilltop castles were built in western Japan, castle towns and barrier stations were built in the center of the archipelago, and castle stockades were built in eastern Japan. The histories connected to all of these developments are now known. The majority of ruins known about through documents have been subject to archeological surveys, with some ruins not mentioned in documents also having been discovered. The history of these kinds of large facilities of the ancient period maintained through huge outlays of labor and expense are intricately connected with the characteristics of this period in which interchanges between Japan and foreign countries gained momentum. Given the limitations of historical documents and insufficient archeological findings, theoretical understanding up to the present time has severely undervalued these constructions without having a clear picture of what they were actually like. This paper gives examples of substantial installations that were built out of necessity in various regions throughout the Japanese archipelago for the unification and defense of the state and for the defense of cities, towns and villages. Representative examples from Dazaifu, Heian-kyo and one example of a castle stockade in eastern Japan are described in this paper. However, there are still many aspects of the universal existence of defense installations and their historical development that are far from clear. This paper shows that between the 7th and 8th centuries and between the 10th and 11th centuries in certain regions there were towns and villages where circumstances required that they be defended. This paper presents a new perspective as a result of a re-examination of the actual conditions of these defensive installations and their relationships with castle towns and cities during the ancient period.departmental bulletin pape