Kikamba has a rich system of surface tone patterns. These patterns are the result of the interaction between lexical tone, melodic tone assignment, and a phrase‑level SL tone. All verbs are lexically either H‑toned or L‑toned, where the first stem mora receives a H tone or is assigned a L tone by default. The assigned melodic tones include a V 2 H tone associated with the second mora of a verb stem, a L tone associated with the penultimate mora of a verb stem, and a tone associated with the final mora of the verb. Interestingly, both V 2 H and lexical H are assigned at a left edge, but only the melodic V 2 H may spread : it spreads rightward throughout the verb stem until it is stopped by another tone. In contrast, SL tones are only assigne...