Niclosamide treatment reduces DENV infection independent of the mTOR, STAT3, and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Representative Western blots showing the expression of the indicated proteins in (A) niclosamide (Niclo, 1 μM)- and (B) mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (200 ng/mL)-treated Neuro-2a cells for the indicated times. With or without rapamycin (Rap, 200 ng/mL), STAT3 inhibitor Cucurbitacin I (Cu I, 0.01 μM), and NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11–7082 (BAY, 1 μM) pretreatment, (C and E) representative Western blots showing the expression of the indicated proteins and (D and F) plaque assays showing viral release in DENV2 (MOI = 1)-infected Neuro-2a cells 48 h post-infection. DMSO was used as a solvent control. β-actin served as the internal control. The relative ratios of the measured proteins compared to those for total proteins and β-actin are also shown. The quantitative data are depicted as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *** P 0.001. ns, not significant.