Overall VE_S estimates from 1,000 simulations of each setting with different assumptions about heterogeneous exposure in a high-intensity setting.

Sample size was adjusted to 800 participants to achieve 90% statistical power in a higher transmission setting. Each row represents an assumption about heterogeneous exposure to DENV: homogeneous hazard of exposure, constant attractiveness of humans, attractiveness of humans based on body size, and attractiveness of humans based on a gamma distribution (shape = 1.43 and scale = 1). VES is calculated with four different methods: VES,Cox, VES,IR, VES,CI, and VES,p. Violin plots on the left panel show the shape of the distribution of VES,Cox estimates. Colored solid lines show the 25, 50, and 75 quantiles for VES,Cox, VES,p, VES,IR, and VES,frailty (gray, blue, red, and green, respectively). Black solid line represents the true PEP = 1—RRinf|exp RRdis|inf = 0.8. Right panel corresponds to the number of cases captured in the trial.