Young and elderly LPS/IFN-γ-MoDCs up-regulate CD40, CD80, CD86, IL-6, CD39 and PD-L1.

<p>Young and elderly monocytes differentiated into immature CD11c⁺CD14^- MoDCs using GM-CSF and IL-4 for seven days, were left unstimulated or stimulated with LPS/IFN-γ for a further two days, and analysed via flow cytometry for antigen-presenting and co-stimulatory markers (MHC-I, CD1a, CD40, CD80 and CD86), intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12), and regulatory markers (CD39, CD73, A2AR, A2BR, PD-L1 and GAL-9, and intracellular IL-10 and latent TGF-β). Percentages of CD11c⁺CD14^- MoDCs positive for antigen-presenting and co-stimulatory molecules (A), pro-inflammatory cytokines (B), and regulatory markers (C) were measured; each line in A-C represents an individual volunteer, and compares their LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated sample to their unstimulated control. Statistical comparisons were also performed between young and elderly volunteers within each condition. Data shown as individual values, n = 7–23 young volunteers, n = 7–34 elderly volunteers, * = p<0.05, ** = p<0.005, *** = p<0.0005, **** = p<0.0001 comparing LPS/IFN-γ-MoDCs to unstimulated MoDCs from the same volunteer.