Cytokine production, but not induction, is elevated in monocytes from the advanced-age, frail elderly as compared to young adults.

<p>PBMCs were stimulated with mock (PBS), and TLR-2 (Pam3CSK4, Pam) and TLR-4 (LPS) agonists, and the production of A) IL-1β, B) IL-6, C) IL-8 and D) TNF in classical (CLS), intermediate (INT) and non-classical (NON) monocytes was measured by flow cytometry. Relative to mock, the induction of E) TNF was significantly lower in the advanced-age, frail elderly. n = 5–8 per group, per treatment. Comparison-wise p-value, ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.