Cooperation or competition? A field experiment on non-monetary learning incentives

We assess the effect of two antithetic non-monetary incentive schemes based on grading rules on stu-dents' effort, using experimental data. We randomly assigned students to a tournament scheme that fosters competition between paired up students, a cooperative scheme that promotes information shar-ing and collaboration between students and a baseline treatment in which students can neither compete nor cooperate. In line with theoretical predictions, we find that competition induces higher effort with respect to cooperation, whereas cooperation does not increase effort with respect to the baseline treat-ment. Nonetheless, we find a strong gender effect since this result holds only for men while women do not react to this type of non-monetary incentives.status: publishe