(A, top) Sagittal sections of ATF4 (left) and ATF4 (right) brains stained with cresyl violet

Bar, 3,000 μm. (A, middle) Ventral view of large cerebral blood vessels of representative ATF4 (left) and ATF4 (right) mice that were perfused with India ink. Note the higher degree of tortuosity of the MCA in the brain from the ATF4 mouse. Bar, 3,000 μm. (A, bottom) Representative microscopic views of brain sections from ATF4 and ATF4 mice that were immunostained for the endothelial cell–specific marker CD31 (green). Bar, 100 μm. (B) Representative brain sections at 4 d after MCAo from ATF4 ( = 5) and ATF4 ( = 6) mice from rostral to caudal stained with cresyl violet to determine the infarct area. Bar, 1,000 μm. (C) The infarct area in ATF4 (♦) and ATF4 (▪) brains was measured in 12 sequential sections taken from ATF4 ( = 5) and ATF4 ( = 6) mice at rostral to caudal regular intervals. Graph depicts mean ± SD. (D) The infarct volume was assessed by adding the infarct volumes based on the infarct area in each section. Graph depicts mean ± SD. *, P < 0.0001 by the test. (E) Scoring of neurological deficit was assessed at different time points of recovery in ATF4 ( = 5) and ATF4 ( = 4) mice. Graph depicts mean ± SD. *, P < 0.05 by the Mann-Whitney test. (F) Inclined plane test at different time points after stroke in ATF4 ( = 5) and ATF4 ( = 4) mice. The test measured the time a mouse managed to hold itself on an inclined glass plate angled at 50° before sliding down. Graph depicts mean ± SD. *, P < 0.05 by the test. (G) Hanging wire test at different time points after stroke in ATF4 ( = 5) and ATF4 ( = 4) mice. The hanging wire test determined the time it took an animal to cross a distance of 45 cm on a freely hanging narrow metal bar. Graph depicts mean ± SD. *, P < 0.05 by the test.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "ATF4 is an oxidative stress–inducible, prodeath transcription factor in neurons in vitro and in vivo"</p><p></p><p>The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2008;205(5):1227-1242.</p><p>Published online 12 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2373852.</p><p>