Response to MMS relies on autophagy.

<p>A) Model for induction and inhibition of autophagy. 3-methyladenine (3MeA) inhibits the formation of autophagosomes and bafiloycin A1 inhibits the acidification of the lysosomes leading to an accumulation of autophagosomes. LC3 is a marker of autophagosomes, here was tagged with GFP. B) Inhibition of autophagy decreases survival, both with 3MeA and BA1. C) Autophagy as seen by the formation of LC3-GFP-puncta showing autophagosomes in treated cells (top panel). A subset of the LC3-GFP-puncta co-stain (white arrows) with the acidic vesicles labeled by Lysotracker Red (white and red arrows) (bottom panel). D) Significant induction of autophagy after MMS treatment (1.2 µM). E–F) MMS induces autophagy in a dose and time dependent manner, whereas accumulation of autophagosomes by BA1 is not affected by MMS.