Synergistic TLR stimulation protects against lethal influenza pneumonia, while individual TLR ligands confer no protection.

<p>Swiss-Webster mice were challenged with influenza A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) 24 h after aerosolized treatment with PBS (sham), Pam2, ODN or both (Pam2-ODN). Shown are survival (<b>A</b>) and body weight (<b>B</b>) of the mice through day 22 after infection (mean ± s.d.). (n = 20 mice/group; *p = 0.03 vs. PBS treated).