2-DOG blocks Aβ-induced neuronal ROS formation.

<p>Representative DCF fluorescence images from control (vehicle-treated) cultures (Panel A), cultures exposed to 5 µM Aβ for 6 hours (Panel B) or cultures exposed to 5 µM Aβ+30 mM 2-DOG for 6 hours (Panel C). When present, 2-DOG was added 10 minutes before Aβ. In order to allow direct comparison between ROS levels, identical conditions and exposure times for image acquisition were employed for all experimental conditions. Panel D: Quantitative analysis of DCF fluorescence from five independent experiments (∼ 1,500 cells analyzed per experimental condition in each experiment) using ImageJ software (NIH Windows version). (*) indicates a statistically significant (p<0.005) difference relative to control cultures. (**) and (***) indicates a statistically significant (p<0.005) difference relative to Aβ-treated cultures. Scale bar corresponds to 100 µm. Panel E: 2-DOG decreases neuronal G6P levels in neurons exposed to Aβ. Glucose-6P levels were measured in control cortical neurons or neurons exposed to 5 µM Aβ+30 mM 2-DOG or 30 mM 2-DOG. Values represent means ± SD from three experiments (carried out in duplicate) using independent neuronal cultures. (*) indicates a statistically significant (p<0.001) difference relative to control cultures.