Cytokine and Chemokine Production Is Dependent on Beta-Glucan Recognition in <i>A. fumigatus</i> SC and Pre-Competent Hyphae

<p>Alveolar macrophages were added to (A) live <i>A. fumigatus</i> RC and incubated for 4 h and 8 h, (B) live RC or SC and incubated for 4 h in the presence of isotype or 2A11, or (C) live <i>A. fumigatus</i> hyphae and incubated for 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h. (D and E) Alveolar macrophages were added to <i>A. fumigatus</i> RC and incubated for 24 h. Samples for cytokine analysis were taken between 9 h and 12 h, and at 24 h, as indicated. Also shown in (D) is a representative 4-h response to pre-generated SC, and inhibition of this response by 2A11. Thereafter, cytokine and chemokine levels were determined in supernatants by Bio-Plex or ELISA. Percentage data expressed in (E) were calculated by dividing the pg/ml cytokine/chemokine level in 12-h samples by that in 24-h samples. Asterisks represent significant differences between isotype (rat IgG) and 2A11 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). (A–C,E, and F) are cumulative results from four experiments.