<i>A. fumigatus</i> hyphae upregulate pro-IL-1β transcription and induce IL-1β secretion in monocytes.

<p>One million THP-1 cells/ml were treated with 10 ng/ml of LPS with and without nigericin, spores or HFs at an MOI = 10 for 6 hours (A, B), or spores for 12 hours and HFs for 6 hours (C, D). (<b>A</b>) Intracellular IL-1β gene transcription was quantified by real-time PCR and compared to control. (<b>B, C</b>) The amount of secreted IL-1β was quantified by ELISA. (<b>D</b>) TNFα secretion was measured in supernatants by ELISA. Error bars represent standard deviation of at least three separate experiments. * <i>p</i><0.05; ** <i>p</i><0.01; *** <i>p</i><0.001, compared to infected untreated cells.