Rotenone induced microglial activation via p38 MAPK.

<p>(A) BV2 cells were treated with different doses of rotenone for 6 hours or 1 µg/mL LPS for 1 hour and lysed in lysis buffer. The lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. (B) Quantitative analysis of the data from (A), showing the density of pp38 relative to that of the loading control (tubulin). The data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. n = 3, *p<0.05, one-way ANOVA. (C) BV2 cells were treated with 1 µM rotenone for 6 hours or 1 µg/mL LPS for 1 hour or co-treated with 5 mM NAC and either 1 µM rotenone for 6 hours or 1 µg/mL LPS for 1 hour. The cells were stained with an ROS indicator, DCFH-DA, for 30 minutes. The scale bar represents 10 µm. (D) BV2 cells were treated with rotenone or LPS in the same manner described in (C). The cells were lysed, and the lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies.